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However, this has not been attributed to the variables that are known to increase the level of augmentation, like lower heart rate, increased arterial stiffness, or higher systemic vascular resistance 24,26,36,48,49,62 In our study present smokers had higher upright AIx, and higher supine and upright AIx@75, in the absence of changes in BP, heart rate, ejection duration, PWV, and systemic vascular resistance that could explain an increase in AIx
To the best of my knowledge, none of the local municipalities in the Lancaster, Harrisburg, York, or Lebanon areas have done this yet
Cigarette and tobacco taxes also disproportionately affect lower-income populations