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This question is often asked by cigarette smokers that are crossing over to cigars or by someone looking to get into the hobby that wants to have all their bases covered
Applying Bayess rule, we have odds(smoker | cancer) = odds(smoker) * p(cancer | smoker) / p(cancer | non-smoker) Rearranging terms, we can solve for the risk ratio: p(cancer | smoker) / p(cancer | non-smoker) = odds(smoker | cancer) / odds(smoker) = 16 Thats the answer I had in mind, but let me address an objection raised by one poll respondent, who chose Other because, You cant draw casual inferences from observational data without certain assumptions which Im unwilling to make. Thats true
I never cared about grades and so my average from primary school all the way through medical school was shockingly uniform at the mark of B definitely not outstanding
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