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The duty rates for cigars and non-cigarette tobacco were also adjusted, with the latter seeing a $5 per kilo increase

As described by professor Raffaele Oriani to the independent EU Reporter : We found that the introduction of plain packaging has had no impact on cigarette consumption trends in the UK or France. Analysis of statistics from more than three years of plain packaging in those countries led to the view that there is no evidence that plain packaging reduces cigarette consumption at any levels

The analysis utilized data from six distinct databases, and efforts were made to minimize overlap between study data to avoid including the same individuals more than once when pooling results

Gately, Iain (2003)