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Less is known about the relationship between vaping and smoking among individuals with moderate levels of psychological distress (MPD), a group whose members may not experience serious mental illness but still endorse higher rates of mental healthcare utilization, impairment, substance use, and other risks compared to those with no/low psychological distress 24

Sugar can help relieve the effects of the excessive nicotine

The subgroup counts sum to less than the total sample size because some participants were missing data on smoking exposure (i.e., cotinine)

Almost half of litter in Ireland is cigarette-related, according to the country's National Litter Pollution Monitoring System